The Cathedral Of Notre Dame - 888 Words

The Cathedral of Notre-Dame in Reims, northeast of Paris near Champagne was the coronation church of the kings of France and was an educational and cultural center. Also built of limestone, the architecture of the Reims Cathedral features Gothic style. It symbolizes an Early Gothic, Radiant Gothic and Flamboyant Gothic. The Reims Cathedral depicts a classic harmonic facade containing four levels. Its interior is defined by its towering heights and narrow proportions, and elaborate sculptural works. Because of the high quality of workmanship and materials used, Reims Cathedral features some of the most beautiful gothic art in existence. Five different cathedrals have been on the site on which Reims cathedral now sits since 401 CE. The current cathedral was built in 1211, after the previous cathedral had burned down. The new building was almost entirely finished by the end of the thirteenth century. 88 gargoyles were counted on the Reims Cathedral and are mainly used to drain of f rainwater and are exceptional pieces of work, but do show the slight difference between Gothic and Romanesque styles. The stained glass windows are a beautiful part of Reims despite being damaged or ruined several times in the 18th century; the cathedral still has many 13th century stained glass windows, in the upper parts of the nave, choir and transept. On the opposite side of the great western portal, the Great Rose Window, dating from the end of the 13th century, represents â€Å"the CrowningShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Notre Dame Cathedral1022 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Notre-Dame Cathedral on the  Ile de la Cite  in  Paris is one of the most recognised Gothic structures of medieval Europe. It is considered a fine example of new architectural strategies of the twelfth century, as well as a symbol of socio-political power of the Catholic Church within this period (Swaan, 1988). Therefore, the cathedrals design and construction highlight advances in art and building strategies throughout the history of European culture. This essay is going to discuss Notre-DameRead MoreA Visit to the Notre Dame Cathedral586 Words   |  2 PagesThe Notre Dame Cathedral is certainly one of the most beautiful locations in the world, as the city of Paris as a whole and the buildings surroundings contribute to making visitors acknowledge the importance of this monument. Construction on the cathedral started in 1163 and was largely finished by 1250, with most of its features emphasizing Gothic influences. The buildings architecture, the sculptures present in it, and the impressive stained glass all stand as reminders that the French communityRead MoreAnalysis : The Hunchback Of Notre Dame816 Words   |  4 PagesHunchback of Notre Dame, pages 85-165 Victor Hugo finishes the background and introduction of the characters and begins the plot by setting up the antagonist. During these pages, Hugo continues to allude to many different historical figures and events, provides vivid descriptions of the Notre Dame cathedral and makes it an important symbol in the book. In The Hunchback of Notre Dame, Hugo gives the reader the first look at the Notre Dame cathedral. Hugo personifies the cathedral by using the wordsRead MoreGothic Cathedrals, Compare and Contrast Two846 Words   |  4 PagesGothic Cathedrals The Gothic style has been the root for some of mankind’s most beautiful works of art. It was introduced by the Romanesque style of building. Romanesque style only lasted for nearly one hundred years before the Gothic style replaced it entirely. Abbot Suger was the founder of the Gothic style. One great form of Gothic architecture was the Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral that was built in France between 1145 and 1513. Another form is the Bourges cathedral, located in BourgesRead MoreComparison and Contrast of Two Gothic Cathedrals Essay625 Words   |  3 PagesComparison and Contrast of Two Gothic Cathedrals Gothic Style is some of the most beautiful works of art that man have ever made. It originated with the Romanesque style of building which lasted for about one hundred years before it was replaced by Gothic styles. The founder of the Gothic style was a man by the name of Abbot Suger. Notre Dame de Chartres cathedral was built in France between 1145 and 1513 and is Gothic architecture. Another Gothic architecture is the Bourges and it isRead MoreThe Sad Theme of the Hunchback of Notre Dame806 Words   |  3 Pages Is always a happy ending? The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a book by Victor Hugo written in 1831. Victor Hugo was born in Besancon, France on February 26, 1802. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a French Romantic/Gothic genre book. Hunchback of Notre Dame involves around Quasimodo a hunchback. The Hunchback of Notre Dame has many different themes. I believe one of the biggest theme is you shouldnt judge based on appearances. The Hunchback of Notre Dame is a very sad book, but with it being sad thereRead More Saint Sernin Of Toulouse And Notre Dame Of Paris Essay701 Words   |  3 PagesSaint Sernin of Toulouse and Notre Dame of Paris   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one thinks of St. Sernin and Notre Dame, one tends to think of two beautiful cathedrals, not to churches that portray two totally different styles of architecture. Those two styles are, of course, Romanesque in St. Sernin and the Gothic style of Notre Dame. Some characteristics that these two buildings share include quest for height, basic floor plan, and artistic flair. The period of Romanesque architecture, which lasted roughlyRead MoreNotre Dame Of Chartres And The Temple Of Khonsu1703 Words   |  7 Pages Gloria Morales HUMN 241 Prof. Ho 11/18/2015 Paired Places: Written Assignment Notre Dame of Chartres and the Temple of Khonsu By studying the design of the Norte dame of Chartres cathedral, in France and the Temple of Khonsu located in Egypt. We can emphasize how both buildings relate with each other. The Chartres cathedral and the temple of Khonsu have numerous of connections with other. Although, the structures were built throughout different periods of time and in different locationsRead MoreNotre Dame de Paris3794 Words   |  16 PagesAbstract Notre-Dame of Paris is one of the most prominent cathedrals in the land of Paris and portrays many diversified Gothic characteristics. This research essay will explore the cathedral in detail while emphasizing on the influence of Gothic architecture on the cathedral. Notre-Dame of Paris bears all the structural features of a Gothic cathedral including the famous rose window. By far, the Gothic style has influenced the entire design of Notre-Dame of Pairs. If there were other influencesRead MoreFrance: The Eiffel Tower Essay809 Words   |  4 Pages and Denon wings Notre Dame may not be the largest cathedral in the world, but it certainly is one of the most famous. It lies in the heart of Paris and has always been the religious center of the city. Several people throughout history found religious sanction here. The sacred ground of the Celts was here, the Romans built a temple to worship Jupiter, a Christian basilica was built in the 6th century, and a Romanesque church was built before the construction of the Notre Dame started. In 1163,

The Pathogenesis of Brian Colorectal Cancer

Question: Describe the pathogenesis of Brians colorectal cancer from the initial cellular mutation to the diagnosis of stage IIA colorectal cancer? Answer: In the case of colorectal cancer, discussing about the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer mutations in KRAS is defined as an initial event in the term of pathogenesis. It has been reported that mutation in KRAS demonstrated in 50% of adenomas and hence defined as a key genetic modification that is useful to the development of adenoma to colorectal cancer. It has been found that progression of KRAS mutation is a vital stage in the multistep phenomenon in cancer development. Mutation in KRAS is been associated with very fast and competitive metastatic action of liver metastases. It has been found that there are several liver metastases that were associated with the high expression of KI67 and KRAS have shorter time lapse to be detected as it has restriction with colon and poor survival. Mutation KRAS is associated with C12V is associated to hepatic metastasis along with several lung and colon metastasis. For the treatment module role of KRAS is very critical as it is associated with the deprived response rates of several therapeutic agents thus the mutational role of KRAS act as a deciding step in validating therapies for colorectal cancers. KRAS is associated with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which is a tyrosine kinase and present on maximum colorectal tumours as it is known to KRAS decrease the response of agents which are anti EGFR. Mutation in KRAS and their implementation in cancer biology have been validated for past decade. KRAS has second highest prevalence of colorectal cancer and this therapy may be well validated in coming durations and at present act has promising approach (Cong and Xiang, 2012) Describe two (2) modifiable and three (3) non- modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer and explain how these risk factors may have contributed to the development of Brians colorectal cancer. There have been several evidences that denotes about several factors including several dietary and lifestyle factors that influences the risk of colorectal cancer. Physical inertness, overweight and a deposition of adiposity are consistent risk factors as these parameters serves as major contributors to the high rates of colorectal cancer in several nations. In the recent advancements study indicates the chronic hyperinsulinemia as a major risk factor as it increases the risk of colon cancer because insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia is promotes by over intake energy and in terms of the Western food routine and culture (e.g., saturated fats and refined carbohydrates), it may be a termed of factors that increses the colorectal cancer. Over consumption of liquor in combination with diet possessing deficit in micronutrients like methionine and folate and smoking likely to increases risk of colorectal cancer especially folate is a nutrient that has been well explores and bears in ra ndomized clinical trials (Giovannucci, 2002). Some of the other risk includes age, personal history of polyps and inflammatory bowel disease, possessing some kind of syndromes, ethnic background and diabetes. Person having past history of adenomatous polyps (adenomas) are at the high risk of colorectal cancer. In inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis where colon stays inflamed for long duration, if untreated turns to dysplasia where it possess growth of cells at lining of colon which in case of uncontrolled management turns to colorectal cancer. Individual having family history of adenomatous polyps or colorectal cancer are at high risk to be having colorectal cancers. Mutation in several genes may result in development of colorectal cancer like mutation in APC gene causes in Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and defect in MLH1 or MSH2 gene leads to Hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC) (Al-Sukhni et al., 2008). A recent study reveals that mutations in the gene MUTYH causes MUTYH-associated polyposis (Schlussel et al, 2014) Describe the action and mechanism of action of metronidazole (Flagyl) in relation to its administration to Brian. Describe the action and mechanism of action of morphine in relation to its administration to Brian. Metronidazole is the major component which is found in plasma along with 2-hydroxymethyl metabolites and circulating metronidazole is bound to plasma proteins. Metronidazole is the productive antianaerobic drug validated in an in-vitro condition. An extensive and wide clinical trial to analyse metronidazole along with neomycin towards erythromycin and neomycin as bowel composition showsd a remarkable reduction in anaerobic flora in individual bearing metronidazole (Hinchey et al, 1983). Morphine is developed as god standard for the pain relieve as it is one of the best drug available for the better pain management and it is clinically very effective in cancer pain. Morphine acts on the central nervous system directly for relieve in pain by activating the peripheral tissues as well as it help in migration and proliferation of tumour cells. morphine is found very important for the maintenance of neoplastic tissues (Gach et al, 2011) . Discuss the nursing responsibilities with associated rationales in relation to administering Morphine to Brian. For nursing care it requires multidisciplinary approach towards patient care to meet the expected care Etiology Though the exact reason behind the development of colon cancer is unknown but still several risk factors have been identified that progresses after the age of 40 in both male and females. Ranging from formation of multiple adenomatous polyps to development of colorectal cancer extensive nursing care is involved Diagnosis While diagnosis it nursing personnel should always remember that there is no outward symptom to identify the disease so minute observation for the initial symptom should be taken with deep concern. Abdomen pain, tarry stools, anaemia, intestinal obstruction and unexplained reduction in weight must be considered at initial examination. Proper radiological examination of abdomen must be done along with colonoscopy and faecal occult blood test must be done and if diagnosis is positive then barium enema and flexible sigmoidoscopy should be done for further follow ups. Treatment Primary treatment for the colorectal cancer is colon surgery but the choice of surgery depends upon the tumour location and organ involved. Post-operative care which involves radiotherapy and chemotherapy must be done in proper nursing care. Teaching Nursing staff should be enough efficient to teach the patients the positive and negative impact of the disease along with proper care. Drug management, pain management and timely maintenance of patient surrounding should be done to avoid post-operative complications. Discharge planning Nurses should instruct the patient about post-operative complication like erythema, chills, wound separation, fever, shortness of breath, and more and advised to visit as soon the complication appears again (Toth, 2006). References Giovannucci E. 2002. Modifiable risk factors for colon cancer. Gastroenterol Clin North Am.31(4):925-43. Haggar FA and Boushey RP. 2009. Colorectal Cancer Epidemiology: Incidence, Mortality, Survival, and Risk Factors. Clin Colon Rectal Surg. 22(4): 191197. Cong Tan, Xiang Du. 2012. KRAS mutation testing in metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastroenterol.18(37): 51715180 Gach K, WyrÄâ„ ¢bska A, Fichna J, Janecka A. 2011. The role of morphine in regulation of cancer cell growth. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 384(3): 221230. Hinchey EJ, Richards GK, Prentis J. 1983. Metronidazole as a prophylactic agent in wound infection after colon surgery. Surgery. 93(1-2):197-200. Toth PE. 2006. Ostomy care and rehabilitation in colorectal cancer. Semin Oncol Nurs. 22(3):174-177. Schlussel AT, Gagliano RA Jr, Seto-Donlon S, Eggerding F, Donlon T, Berenberg J, Lynch HT. 2014. The evolution of colorectal cancer genetics-Part 2: clinical implications and applications. J Gastrointest Oncol. 5(5):336-44. Al-Sukhni W, Aronson M, Gallinger S. 2008. Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: familial adenomatous polyposis and lynch syndrome. Surg Clin North Am. 88(4):819-844

Civil Rights Movement Essays (2542 words) - , Term Papers

Civil Rights Movement Most of us, being United States citizens, would like to believe that everyone in this country is living in conditions of utmost freedom and equality. Although according to the constitution this is true, anyone who has ever been the victim of oppression knows not to take equality for granted. Our society has slowly grown to accept the different types of people that live in our country; it is now a lot less common to see people's rights such as freedom and equality being abused. However, the influences of the past, when the living conditions were far less then equal for many groups of people, can still be witnessed today. A fine example of this could be seen through the way in which housing discrimination led to the colonization of Blacks into their own neighborhoods and communities, which eventually led to the creation of ghettos and gangs. Racism, in itself, is a belief that a person holds; it forces another being to be placed at a lower status within one's mind and in the society as a whole. Keeping Blacks and other minorities at a lower level was the principal state of mind for many of the whites during the early part of the twentieth century. This kind of mentality exists in our society till this day among certain groups of people. The cold and harsh manner with which the Blacks were treated takes us all the way back to slavery. Back in those days the majority of this country's population accepted it. The oppressed African Americans eventually began to become more organized and started to fight for the civil rights they deserved as citizens of the United States. Despite the attempts of the Civil Rights Movement, much damage was already done; unfortunately many minds were already tarnished with negative images of what the Black person was and could ever be. In spite of the fact that many Black people were working towards moving up and making a life for themselves, racism continuously kept them from advancing in the society. In the early part of the twentieth century racism placed a strong precedent for the way in which Blacks are today. After the civil war more and more free Blacks began to migrate north. They were seeking the possibility of "better social and economic opportunities" (Abrams 10). The high hopes were soon brought back down, as the Blacks were welcomed to the cities by the overwhelming mentality of the masters looking down on their slaves. They encountered landlord after landlord turning them away because of their unwillingness to rent to Blacks and other newly migrated minorities. It was this constant refusal to integrate housing that eventually caused the creation of minority driven neighborhoods. Since the majority of the whites turned their backs on Blacks and the other minorities, African Americans were forced into forming the types of communities that contained people of their race and poor financial state. Many of them came looking to move ahead in their new lives that they were recently granted by the constitution; but they were only pushed to join the fairly new neighborhoods, which were slums compared to those inhabited by the dominating white residences. The reason for this type of segregation could be explained as another tool of racism for the white man's advantage. The effects of these neighborhoods were more damaging then the simple prevention of Blacks and other minorities from integrating with the whites. By zoning the individual into compartments determined by color, it excluded the opportunity for a fusion of interests. By confining children to separate neighborhood schools and playgrounds, it sharpened the lines of distinction and developed illusions of superiority...It was in housing that segregation received its greatest impetus and momentum. Once rooted there the segregation pattern spread unattested until the Negro ghetto became an accepted part of the American landscape (Abrams 7). "Local authorities used every available weapon to keep the blacks divided; housing was simply the physical expression of this racial policy" (Rudwick 10). Even if a family was able to afford housing in a predominantly white neighborhood, they were still not allowed to move in there. Despite the slow improvement of their economic status Blacks still possessed "...no freedom to move elsewhere. American slums (were) no longer exclusively the product of a discrepancy between rent and wages" (Abrams 10). After being forced to confine themselves to such neighborhoods it was only a matter of time before it was not just the housing that was segregated, it was also an abundant amount of social segregation as

Self Reliance By Emerson Essays - Philosophy, Politics, Free Essays

Self Reliance By Emerson Essays - Philosophy, Politics, Free Essays Self Reliance By Emerson Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson The quote that most provoked thought and emotion from within me comes from the essay Self-Reliance by Ralph Waldo Emerson. To be great is to be misunderstood was used by Emerson to explain the lagging growth of the conception of ideas and thoughts of his generation. Original and novel ideas were scorned by conservatives who believed the best method for learning was by repetition and memorization of proven classics written by previous generations. The continuing timelessness of his quote is still in effect today as the scientific community has evolved to accept unaccustomed theories, yet encounters difficulty when relating to the public new and extreme ideas that rebut the system.In history, the results of individualism has been spread world wide. Important leaders, thinkers, and philosophers with radical ideas in virgin areas of research were making significant finds rapidly. Yet progress was slowed by short-sighted men who failed to see greatness.Aberham Lincoln was a revolutionary in his time with his views on slavery and forgiveness of the South. Yet his death was the result of one man's refusal to accept what was once a proud and rich land reduced to tatters- left to ruin because of her failure to accept civil reform. Herman Melville's work in Moby Dick was considered a classic, yet Melville died a figure with lost prestige, poor and unaccepted. When he was laid to rest in 1891, he was remembered only as the author of entertaining novels of the South Seas. It was not until 1920s when his place in America's foremost writers was assured. His works are now great masterpieces of emotion that were misunderstood while he was still alive.Another important example is democracy. In medieval times, monarchies and kingdoms ruled the land. Today, the monarch is merely a figurehead behind the power of democracy. At the birth of the democratic rise of the United States of America, the colonists were thought of as upstart fools- dreamers believing the impossible. English royalists were aghast at the indignation of the colonies to separate from England and form their own country. In present day, the United States is the sole world power, a great country born out of dreams.Self-Reliance expressed the need for creative thinking. Society during Emerson's era resisted reform and scorned the reformer. Emerson saw individualism in direct conflict with society. The effect of society, he thought, was not to strengthen the individual, but to breed conformity and fear. Although he often criticized society, he stressed more importantly the openness of the individual through the soul. The quote To be great is to be misunderstood reflected upon the lack of acceptance of new thought and theory during his time. Bibliography Emersons Self reliance

Four Major Problems Faced by the US Economy Currently Based on Current Term Paper

Four Major Problems Faced by the US Economy Currently Based on Current Media Reports - Term Paper Example The 2008 financial crisis of United States affected the economies throughout the world and the macroeconomic factors were shaken up. The issue started with the debt crisis when the borrowers were unable to service their loans and thus faced difficulty in paying back the loans. This resulted in the housing market crisis when people ended up with bad loans which in turn resulted in people being deprived off their homes. The credit crunch also led to damage to investors confidence and investors and savers were unwilling to inject the money into the economy which resulted in shortage of money and cash, and this also resulted in the rise of unemployment. US Federal Debt/Deficit Since the financial crisis struck in the year 2008, the US debt has been very high. According to a recent news article, the United States debt is nearly as much as the total value of all its goods and services produced in the US during the financial year. CNBC reports that the total value of the US debt is $14.96 t rillion which means that the United States external debt as a percentage of its GDP stand at 99.46% (CNBC). This is a very high figure and indeed a very dangerous one because high leverage of debt can be very risky. As a matter of fact, it is suggested that every person born in the United States has a debt of $47,664 in the very second it is born. The figure on the left shows that the public debt in the US will surpass the 17 trillion mark by the end of 2012, and indicates how the debts are constantly on the rise, which can be a very alarming situation for the people. (US Government Spending) Not just the rising debts, but the economy also faces the difficulty of constant budget deficits which means the outlay of the United States government is greater than the receipts and this means that the US government has to search for sources to raise the finances. Since the past three years, the US federal deficit has been around the $1300 billion mark. (US Government Spending) Issue of Rais ing Finance As mentioned above, United States economy has become highly leveraged and the debt to GDP percentage is nearly touching the 100 percent mark. This increases the riskiness of the economy and damages the confidence of investors and savers to inject their money into the economy. Investors ask for high returns to take on risky projects and some do not even settle for higher returns due to the fact the people are naturally risk averse. A credit rating agency has downgraded the credit rating of the United States and has gone down from AA+ to AA. Since the credit rating is going down, the investors and savers are reluctant to inject their money into the economy (Yahoo!). This creates a problem for the United States because the US government needs to borrow the money to cover up for the budget deficits they are facing each year. When the government has to inject money into the economy and it is unable to increase its budget receipts, then it has to look for other sources of mone y to cover that deficit and this source is usually to borrow money. With the credit rating going down, less number of savers is ready to save their money and thus it creates a shortage of money for the US government. Not just to finance the budget deficit, the government also faces difficulty in raising the money to service or repay their previous loans. Housing The housing bubble emerged in the United States in the year 2005 when the property prices started to rise and they rose at quite high rates. This increased the

Parenting isnt for everyone Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Parenting isnt for everyone - Research Paper Example Good parenting provides the children with values, morals, ideas and attitudes; while, there is also bad parenting that tends to ruin their whole personalities. To grow into responsible citizens, children want security and affection which is only provided by those parents who are actually willing to be parents and do the tough job of raising kids. Parenting is the process that requires the most patience that one can have because kids are not understanding by nature, and it is a very tactful job to handle them by making them understand little issues. This is why it is believed that everybody does not have what it takes to handle the pressures of raising children, which can lead some to choosing other options. In order to give the reader an idea why parenting is not a favorable choice made by many parents, it is important to discuss first what the pressures of raising children actually are that lead parents to go for other options rather than parenting. The biggest pressure for the parents is that they have to devote themselves whole heartedly to their children. They have to make their life schedules flexible enough to work with their children’s routine. In an intention to fit everything into their busy lives, they start directing their children instead of dealing with them, and this robes them of their personalities, which increases their dependency on their parents. This leaves the parents more stressed out. Parents have to work hard to make both ends meet especially when there is more than one child. They have to cater to their children’s physical and emotional demands no matter how much tired they may be. They have to sacrifice their sleep. They have to plan out their va cations according to children’s comfort. They have to think about providing proper accommodation to the children. Having children puts a hurdle to one’s freedom and increases

The Study Habits of Adult College Students Essay Example for Free

The Study Habits of Adult College Students Essay Abstract: The study habits of adult college students over age 25 were compared to a group of younger students at the University of Wisconsin, Green Bay. The younger students were matched with the older groups on four characteristics: sex, major field of study, semester credit load, and class standing. All 56 participants were undergraduate students (sophomores or juniors) who were registered for the fall 1982 term. The participants kept running records of their study habits, patterns, and difficulties for an academic year. In general, older and younger students showed similar patterns in terms of how much they studied, what activities were engaged in while studying, the time distribution, and places for studying. There was some evidence that older students studied slightly more per credit hour than did younger students. While the total numbers of difficulties encountered in studying were about the same for both groups, the character of the difficulties was noticeably different. Both older and younger students reacted very favorably to having a mixture of the age groups in their classes. Recommendations for working with adult students and suggestions for further study are offered. Appendices include interview schedules and a study log form. (Author/SW) INTRODUCTION It is an understatement to say that the standard of education in Nigeria has fallen. However, it has been realized that students who possess adequate mental abilities sometimes do not perform well in their academic work either because they do not know how to study effectively or they do not use the most effective method of studying. Many questions have been raised by teachers, parents and students themselves on why students perform so poorly academically. Even the state government has shown some concern over this in recent times by introducing low costs books for both primary and secondary schools. Although this was meant to create the desire to study by students, it has not helped the situation much because, students do not read these books. Many of the students complained of lack of time and conducive environment for study, others who try to study complained of lack of understanding. There is no doubt that these complains evidently point to one fact. That is, lack of effective study habits. It is this problem, the researcher wishes to investigate as it appears to be one of the root causes of the dwelling standard of our educational system today. Research questions: * What proportion of junior secondary school students possess good study habit than those in senior secondary school? * Will male students in junior secondary schools perform better than female students in senior secondary schools? Hypothesis: The following conjectural statements were postulated for this study: * There is no significant difference in the study habits of junior and senior secondary school students in Egor Local Government Area of Edo State. * There is no significant difference in the study habits of male and female students in junior and senior secondary schools in Egor, Local Government Area of Edo State. * There is no significant difference in the academic performance of male students in the junior secondary schools and female students in Senior Secondary Schools. LITERATURE REVIEW Psychologists as welt as layman have attempted some definitions of the word study. To some of them, study means hard work and is usually associated with school work. To others, study is applicable to other situations in life other than academic work. Mace (2002) pointed out that study is a systematic acquisition of knowledge and an understanding of facts and principles that calls for retention and application. Kelly (1998) stated that study is the application of ones mental capacity to the acquisition, understanding and organization of knowledge; it often involves some form of formal learning. Crow and Crow in Okorodudu (2000) explained that study is a program of subject matter mastery. It involves hard work. However, study involves the individuals thinking, feeling, personality, social interaction, physical activities and health rather than men learning of fact on the thought system for the purpose of recall when asked. For those who belong to the school of thought that study is not only applicable to academic work, Olatubosun in Oladele (2000) explained that a teacher is studying when he examines the results of an experiment, a lawyer when he prepares his case, a salesman when he learns about his product and a citizen when he tries to understand the issues in an upcoming election. Studies require time spent in a deliberate attempt to learn. It should be differentiated from simple leisure to reading. Thomas and Robinson (1990) emphasized that the learner needs to use a systematic discipline and purposive approach to study. Effective study consists of a conscious sequential series of inter-related steps and processes. Okorodudu (1995) asserted that, study involves the total of all behavioral patterns (addition, verbal, psychomotor, emotional) determined purpose and enforced practices that the individual adapts in order to learn and achieve competence.